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The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān (IEQ) draws on a wide range of classical works, including exegeses, Hadith collections and commentaries, lexicons, biographical dictionaries, universal histories, works of jurisprudence, Prophetic biographies, and treatises on spiritual and moral psychology--some of which have never before been used in any encyclopedic work on the Qur`an. Based on primary sources and held to a high standard of academic rigor, IEQ integrates source material at several levels: its conceptual structure presents an integrated view of the overall message of the Qurʾān; it incorporates and integrates various strands of Islamic scholarly tradition and presents a cohesive, cross-referenced text.